Brief summary of the concept presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ - 3

3. Free quanta of matter within a gap in the universal medium are gathered together, compressed and shaped into a segmented spherical shape by gravitation to form a 3D matter-particle. This 3D matter-particle is moved at the highest possible linear speed and spun about one of its diameters at a spin speed (frequency) proportional to its 3D matter-content by the universal medium. This 3D matter-core and structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium, together, form a photon. Photons are the most basic 3D matter-particles. The 3D matter-core provides the photon’s particle-nature and the rotating structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium provide the photon’s wave-nature. Rotating structural deformations in the universal medium around the 3D matter-core of a photon has many similarities with EM waves. A continuous flow of photons is the radiation of 3D matter. The transfer of alternating structural distortions in the universal medium is an EM wave. All superior 3D matter-bodies are formed by combinations of photons. All properties of light (radiation) can be logically explained by this concept. `Two compatible high-frequency photons, moving about each other in a circular path about a common centre point, under gravitational attraction, form a biton. A biton is the smallest and the most stable sub-atomic particle. Motions of constituent photons in a common circular path produce a primary electric field about the biton. Depending on the reference used, the primary electric field has both positive and negative electric charges. Different combinations by bitons form all other superior 3D matter-particles. Under compression, bitons enlarge and discard constituent quanta of matter from their photons. This process is the heating and is accompanied the expansion of 3D matter-bodies. Discarded quanta of matter may form photons to be radiated from the site. The reverse process is cooling. Two bitons in mutually perpendicular planes, under gravitational attraction, link together about a common centre to form a tetron. A number of tetrons link together to form a single layered spherical shell to form a neutron. Primary electric fields of constituent bitons in a neutron neutralise each other, thus making the neutron free of electric charge. Normally, neutrons are used to fill gaps or as balance weights in spinning nuclei. An unbalanced, unduly long nucleus, during its spin motion, may vibrate and its constituent photons may discard quanta of matter. Discarded quanta of matter, if sufficient in number, may form new photons and radiate away from the region. This phenomenon makes certain atoms radioactive. Splintering the tetron shell of a neutron (or that of a proton or a deuteron) may yield a number of groups of tetrons having different physical properties, thus giving the appearance of a great many types of sub-atomic particles. Three bitons in mutually perpendicular planes, under gravitational attraction, link together about a common centre, to form a hexton. Depending on the resultant of the constituent bitons’ primary electric fields about it, a hexton may be classified as an electron or a positron. The resultant field about a hexton can be considered a combination of an electric field, a magnetic field and a nuclear field. An electron has a magnetic field with two magnetic south poles (with no well-defined magnetic north pole), an electric field (that can be considered to have both positive and negative electric charges) and an outward (repulsive) nuclear field. A positron has a magnetic field with two magnetic north poles (with no well-defined magnetic south pole), an electric field (that can be considered to have both positive and negative electric charges) and an inward (attractive) nuclear field. Because of their repulsive nuclear field, the electrons maintain their individuality throughout their lives. A number of tetrons link with a positron in a neutron-like shell to form a proton. Two neutron-like tetron-shells about a positron make a deuteron. Deuterons are major components of atomic nuclei. Except for Hydrogen atoms, nuclei for all other atoms are formed by deuterons arranged in circular sections, linked side by side about a common central axis. The development of a nucleus continues until the first approaching electron commences to spin the nucleus and determines the direction of the spin of the atom. An equal number of electrons, as there are positrons in a nuclear section, approach and orbit around each of the nuclear sections in their own planes. The development of an atom continues until the number of orbiting electrons equals the number of positrons in the nucleus. A hypothesis, presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf Nainan