Brief summary of the concept presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ - 4

4. Most of the stable atoms may have resultant electric/magnetic fields about them that would help the formation of molecules. Those without resultant fields about them cannot form molecules. Larger atoms are formed by circular atomic sections arranged side by side along a central (atomic) axis. Most of the atoms are elongated-spherical in shape. Each atomic section is formed by two concentric discs (the inner disc formed by the nuclear section and the outer disc formed by the orbiting electrons). No part of an atom may be detached from a stable atom. In stable state, the nuclear and atomic axes coincide with each other. Misalignment between the atomic axis and the nuclear axis (of the same atom or those of neighboring atoms) produces resultant electric fields about them. Resultant distortion fields about the neighboring atoms compel them to align with each other so that the resultant distortion field about the group becomes nil. Such unions form molecules. Some materials, where full alignment cannot be achieved, exhibit resultant magnetic fields about groups of atoms. The angular difference between neighboring atoms from their natural stable alignments in a conductor is their electric potential. The electric potential difference between different points in a conductor produces resultant electric field about the conductor. The resultant electric field is the result of temporary structural distortions continuously maintained in the universal medium about a conductor. Electric current is the establishment of resultant electric fields in all planes perpendicular to the axis along a conductor. There are no translations of subatomic particles during an electric current. A hypothesis presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info. Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf Nainan

Brief summary of the concept presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ - 3

3. Free quanta of matter within a gap in the universal medium are gathered together, compressed and shaped into a segmented spherical shape by gravitation to form a 3D matter-particle. This 3D matter-particle is moved at the highest possible linear speed and spun about one of its diameters at a spin speed (frequency) proportional to its 3D matter-content by the universal medium. This 3D matter-core and structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium, together, form a photon. Photons are the most basic 3D matter-particles. The 3D matter-core provides the photon’s particle-nature and the rotating structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium provide the photon’s wave-nature. Rotating structural deformations in the universal medium around the 3D matter-core of a photon has many similarities with EM waves. A continuous flow of photons is the radiation of 3D matter. The transfer of alternating structural distortions in the universal medium is an EM wave. All superior 3D matter-bodies are formed by combinations of photons. All properties of light (radiation) can be logically explained by this concept. `Two compatible high-frequency photons, moving about each other in a circular path about a common centre point, under gravitational attraction, form a biton. A biton is the smallest and the most stable sub-atomic particle. Motions of constituent photons in a common circular path produce a primary electric field about the biton. Depending on the reference used, the primary electric field has both positive and negative electric charges. Different combinations by bitons form all other superior 3D matter-particles. Under compression, bitons enlarge and discard constituent quanta of matter from their photons. This process is the heating and is accompanied the expansion of 3D matter-bodies. Discarded quanta of matter may form photons to be radiated from the site. The reverse process is cooling. Two bitons in mutually perpendicular planes, under gravitational attraction, link together about a common centre to form a tetron. A number of tetrons link together to form a single layered spherical shell to form a neutron. Primary electric fields of constituent bitons in a neutron neutralise each other, thus making the neutron free of electric charge. Normally, neutrons are used to fill gaps or as balance weights in spinning nuclei. An unbalanced, unduly long nucleus, during its spin motion, may vibrate and its constituent photons may discard quanta of matter. Discarded quanta of matter, if sufficient in number, may form new photons and radiate away from the region. This phenomenon makes certain atoms radioactive. Splintering the tetron shell of a neutron (or that of a proton or a deuteron) may yield a number of groups of tetrons having different physical properties, thus giving the appearance of a great many types of sub-atomic particles. Three bitons in mutually perpendicular planes, under gravitational attraction, link together about a common centre, to form a hexton. Depending on the resultant of the constituent bitons’ primary electric fields about it, a hexton may be classified as an electron or a positron. The resultant field about a hexton can be considered a combination of an electric field, a magnetic field and a nuclear field. An electron has a magnetic field with two magnetic south poles (with no well-defined magnetic north pole), an electric field (that can be considered to have both positive and negative electric charges) and an outward (repulsive) nuclear field. A positron has a magnetic field with two magnetic north poles (with no well-defined magnetic south pole), an electric field (that can be considered to have both positive and negative electric charges) and an inward (attractive) nuclear field. Because of their repulsive nuclear field, the electrons maintain their individuality throughout their lives. A number of tetrons link with a positron in a neutron-like shell to form a proton. Two neutron-like tetron-shells about a positron make a deuteron. Deuterons are major components of atomic nuclei. Except for Hydrogen atoms, nuclei for all other atoms are formed by deuterons arranged in circular sections, linked side by side about a common central axis. The development of a nucleus continues until the first approaching electron commences to spin the nucleus and determines the direction of the spin of the atom. An equal number of electrons, as there are positrons in a nuclear section, approach and orbit around each of the nuclear sections in their own planes. The development of an atom continues until the number of orbiting electrons equals the number of positrons in the nucleus. A hypothesis, presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf Nainan

Brief summary of the concept presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ - 2

2. The availability of free quanta of matter in space and their frequent ingress into the structure of the universal medium make it inherently under compression, even without a container. This compressive effort is called gravitation. All ‘natural forces’ (gravitational attraction, electromagnetic forces, nuclear forces, mechanical ‘forces’ and all other types of efforts) are different manifestations of gravitation. A 3D matter-particle in the universal medium experiences compression from the universal medium. The magnitude of gravitation corresponds to the extent of the universal medium that exerts the pressure. The extent of universal medium between two 3D matter-particles is always less than the extents of universal medium on their outer sides. Hence, higher gravitational actions on their outer sides against lower gravitational actions on their inner sides tend to move the 3D matter-particles towards each other. This tendency is understood as gravitational attraction or gravity. Gravitational attraction (gravity) is the resultant (relatively a minor by-product) of separate and continuous gravitational actions on two 3D matter-particles by the universal medium. Value of the constant of gravitational pressure is about . That is about times of present value of G. Compare with the present value of . A structurally deformed region in the universal medium may be called a field. The direction of the continuous deformation in the universal medium is represented by imaginary lines of force. Linear lines of force designate a magnetic field. The direction of distortions along a magnetic line of force from where it appears to originate is designated as the north magnetic pole and the direction to where it proceeds is designated as the south magnetic pole. There is no magnetic monopole. Similar magnetic poles apparently repel each other and dissimilar magnetic poles apparently attract each other. Curved lines of force in the universal medium represent an electric field. Clockwise curved lines of force indicate positive electric charge and anti-clockwise curved lines of force indicate negative electric charge. Electric charges are the relative directions of electric lines of force. Depending on the direction of reference, all electric fields have both positive and negative electric charges. There is no mono-electric charge. Similar electric charges apparently repel each other when they are very near and apparently attract each other when distance between them is large. Dissimilar electric charges apparently attract each other when they are very near and apparently repel each other when distance between them is large. Radial lines of force in the universal medium toward or away from a central point represent a nuclear field. Outward lines of force are parts of a repulsive nuclear field and parts of inward lines of force are parts of an attractive nuclear field. Nuclear fields are produced only about the positrons and the electrons. A hypothesis, presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’, can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf Nainan

Brief summary of the concept presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ - 1

1. In the material world, matter is the only real entity. Matter is the substance of all physical entities with objective reality and positive existence in space. There are neither virtual (imaginary) entities nor causeless actions. Matter has no other property except its ability to exist. Because of this, unstructured matter furcates into the smallest quanta of matter, which tend to exist in minimum spatial dimensions. This tendency helps the quanta of matter to form latticework formations in all spatial planes. Latticework structures formed by the quanta of matter in all possible planes, together, form the universal medium that extends to infinity in all directions. A materialistic, universal medium becomes synonymous with an imaginary space. The entire space is filled with quanta of matter in the form of 3D matter-bodies and the structured universal medium. There are no voids in space. Latticework structures formed by rigid quanta of matter provide the universal medium with the properties of a perfect fluid. The universal medium is a self-stabilising, homogeneous and isotopic material structure. The presence of a universal medium that fills the entire space, outside the most basic 3D matter-particles, avoids the assumption of ‘actions at a distance through empty space’. Strain (deformation) in the universal medium due to its structural deformations in and about a body is the work associated with the body. Stress, developed due to the strain in the universal medium about a body, is the energy associated with the body. Hence, energy is present wherever work is present. Energy has no independent existence other than as a shadow of work. Energy has neither form nor structure. It is an imaginary entity that is measured in terms of units of work, which is a real entity. The assumption of energy helps us assign a cause to an action where no logical cause is obvious. All natural phenomena (like motion, actions, ‘natural forces’, electric charges, the creation, sustenance, or destruction of material bodies, etc.) in nature are the results of simple mechanical movements of quanta of matter in the universal medium. The universal medium is omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient and perpetual. Structural deformation in the universal medium between two objects superposition to increase or decrease distortion density in the universal medium between them. Transfer of structural deformations in the universal medium from the higher distortion-density region to the lower distortion-density region carries 3D material bodies in space. Increased distortion-density in the universal medium between two objects pushes them away from each other (apparent repulsion). Reduced distortion-density in the universal medium between two objects causes the universal medium on their outer sides to push them toward each other (apparent attraction). The self-stabilising property of the universal medium and the transfer of structural distortions (unless modified) in the universal medium about a body cause the property of inertia by which a body is compelled to maintain its state of motion. Actions in the universal medium take place separately in in each plane and simultaneous actions in all planes passing through a body, together, appears as an action in 3D space. A hypothesis presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf Nainan

Brief summary of the concept presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ - 5

5. This concept envisages a universe in steady state and infinity in extent. Often, parts of the universe are destroyed and new parts are created. Due to the very high peripheral speed of a spinning galaxy, 3D bodies in the region breakdown and release constituent bitons free into the space. Due to their high tangential linear speed, planes of these bitons align perpendicular to their direction of linear motion. The group of bitons around the galactic periphery forms a halo about the galaxy. Neighboring galaxies in their stable states keep constant distance between them through interactions between their halos. Each galaxy has a central black hole with other macro bodies orbiting around it. The stable state of a galaxy is a very short period in its life. If the spin speed exceeds a limit, the galaxy will disperse under centrifugal actions and if the spin speed reduces, all bodies in the galaxy will fall into the central black hole. Except for their extremely large 3D matter-content, black holes are like any other macrobody. It has no mysterious properties. Due to very high compression due to gravitational collapse, black holes radiate photons at a very high rate. However, gravitational attraction on the photons towards the black hole reduce the linear speed of the radiated photons, thus causing their disintegration. The disintegration of radiated photons makes the black hole invisible. Black holes convert 3D matter of radiated photons into 1D quanta of matter and the residue of the dead photons appears as background radiation. All 3D macro bodies are continuously under gravitational collapse. Pressure caused by the gravitational collapse makes their interiors hotter and probably in different physical states. Stars are much smaller than black holes. Their gravitational collapse causes photons of different frequency ranges (3D matter) to radiate from them. There is no nuclear fusion within the stars. Smaller macro bodies radiate photons of lower frequencies. Celestial bodies are not cooling down from a hotter state, but they steadily increase in temperature due to gravitational collapse at a rate controlled by their 3D matter-content. All 3D material bodies in space are moving continuously. It is physically impossible for a macro body to orbit around another moving body in any type of geographically closed path. Stars orbit around galactic centers, which are static in space. Planetary systems are not independent groups. Nearer bodies that appear to move together in a galaxy constitute a planetary system. Planets in a planetary system move in wavy paths about the median path of the central body, alternately moving to the front and rear of the central body. Parts of the gravitational attraction between celestial bodies cause their spin motions at accelerating pace. The directions of their spin motions tend to stabilize in the plane of their orbital motion about the central body. Apparent increase in the length of a day is due to insufficient corrections used. Tides are the temporary disfiguration of a rotating body caused by the action of a linear effort on it. Shifts in the direction of tides depend on the relative deformation of latticework formation in the universal medium about the body relative to the action of external effort. Relative motion due to tide between solid and fluid parts of earth and the resulting reduction in the earth’s spin speed is a myth. Terrestrial magnetism is the result of mechanical alignment of secondary electric fields of free floating atoms in the relatively calm fluid near the surface. A hypothesis presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info. Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf Nainan