Gravitational attraction

All the objects in the universe appear to attract each other with a certain amount of effort. This apparent force is known as ‘gravitational attraction’ or simply as ‘gravity’. Unorganized (or organized) accumulation of quanta of matter is a disturbance in universal medium. If there are more than one disturbance in a plane in universal medium, gravitational pressure acts on each of them separately. Extents of universal medium on the outer sides of these disturbances are greater than the extent in between them. Magnitude of gravitational effort is proportional to the extent of universal medium that is applying the effort. Hence, these disturbances experience greater gravitational efforts on their outer sides compared to the gravitational efforts experienced on their inner sides from universal medium between them. The relative difference between the gravitational efforts applied on either side of individual disturbances tends to move them towards each other. 2D energy fields act on each of the disturbances in it, separately. Simultaneous actions by (invisible) universal medium on two or more disturbances (bodies), considered together, appears as interactions between these disturbances. This is the apparent attraction due to gravitation or gravitational attraction. Gravitational attraction (gravity) is the resultant (relatively a minor by-product) of separate gravitational actions on two 3D matter-particles by universal medium. Universal medium fills the entire space outside the most basic 3D matter-particles. Hence, the universal medium is present between any two most basic 3D matter-particles irrespective of their locations or distance between them. This makes the range of gravitational attraction infinity. Actual value of gravitational constant in the region of our space is approximately 2.2 x 1037 m3/(Kg Sec2) (about 3.3 x 1047 times of present value of ‘G’. This value is for gravitational attraction between two most basic 3D matter-particles, whose disc planes coincide. Resulting pressure is so high that it is able to convert 1D quanta of matter into 3D matter. Compare this with present value of G = 6.668 x 10-11 m3/(Kg Sec2), currently used for calculations by us with respect to macro bodies. Action of gravitational effort/pressure on each 3D matter-body is independent of all other 3D matter-bodies. Development of structural distortions in universal medium about a 3D matter-body, which produce gravitational actions on it, is an inertial action (an action that produces the property of inertia of matter-bodies). This takes place during the development of basic 3D matter-particles. Thereafter, the apparent interactions between 3D matter-macro bodies, due to gravitation, are instantaneous. Hence, gravitational attraction between 3D matter-bodies takes place instantly on change of their parameters or constitution. Changes in the parameters or constitution of a 3D matter-body are carried out by developing appropriate structural distortions in universal medium about the body. Gravitational effort on the body changes simultaneously during this development. This causes instantaneous changes in gravitational attraction between two 3D matter-bodies, on changes of their parameters. No transfer of imaginary particles/energy from one body to another is required to produce changes in gravitational attraction between two 3D matter-bodies. However, the inertial motions of 3D matter-bodies, under gravitational attraction, are again subject to inertial delay. Gravitational actions are applicable only on curved perimeter/surfaces of the most basic 3D matter-particles’ (photons’) cores. Photons are disc-shaped 3D matter-particles of critical radial size, which spin about one of their diameters. Gravitational attraction between two macro bodies takes place only when disc-planes of a number of photons in both macro bodies are in common planes. Constituent photons of a macro body spin about their diameters and move at constant linear speed in circular path within (primary 3D matter-particles of) the macro body. Hence, duration for disc-plane of any one photon in a macro body to be in a common plane with disc-plane of a photon in another macro body is very small and very rare. Hence, magnitude of gravitational attraction between two macro bodies is extremely small compared to the magnitude of gravitational actions. This has prompted us to label gravity as a ‘very weak force’. Although gravitation acts on every single basic 3D matter-particle continuously, gravitational attraction requires presence of more than one basic 3D matter-particles, whose disc planes coincide. Therefore no matter-body can be gravitationally attracted in any direction, unless there is another matter-body in that direction and in its own plane.

Size reduction of disturbances

Development of a disturbance breaks continuity of the 2D energy fields and forms gaps in their latticework structures. 2D energy fields around the disturbance tend to reform and establish continuity of their latticework structures. This attempt is prevented by presence of disturbance in the gaps of latticework structures. However, in this process, latticework squares around the disturbance, in each of the 2D energy fields, deform. 2D energy fields are distorted so that their junction points are in contact with the perimeter/surface of the disturbance. Each 2D energy field creates tightly enclosing envelop around the disturbance, in its own plane. As 2D energy fields are inherently under compression, a disturbance, breaking their continuity and existing within the structural gap of 2D energy fields, experience external pressure all around its outer perimeter/surface. External pressure on a disturbance tends to reduce disturbance’s size to minimum. Magnitude of a disturbance is related to its perimeter and it can be reduced by reducing disturbance’s perimeter. This can be achieved in two ways. For the same area, a circular figure has minimum length of perimeter. As external pressure on a disturbance is equal from all sides, it is a natural tendency for all disturbances to attain circular shapes in all planes of its existence. It is an inherent property of the 2D energy fields to form disturbances in circular shape. Even after a disturbance (in any plane) becomes circular, external efforts from 2D energy fields (gravitational pressure) continue to compress it until it attains highest matter-density, permitted in nature. Highest matter-density is that of a basic 3D matter-particle and that of a quantum of matter. For this, external pressure, exerted by 2D energy fields, on a disturbance has to be extremely large. Contrary to current beliefs, gravitational effort is extremely huge, compared to other manifestations of ‘natural forces’. Depending on the compactness of quanta of matter, constituting a disturbance (formed by multiple quanta of matter in any plane), matter-density of a disturbance in that plane may vary. It will be the aim of gravitational pressure to compress a disturbance (in each of the planes of its existence) to highest matter-density and circular shape. Sum of perimeters of two smaller circles is more than the perimeter of a single circle, whose area is equal to sum total area of smaller circles. Therefore, magnitude of total disturbance in a 2D energy field can be reduced by combining smaller disturbances to form a single but larger disturbance. Gravitational actions by 2D energy fields tend to combine smaller disturbances to form larger disturbance, by driving them towards each other. This phenomenon is understood as (apparent) gravitational attraction.

2D energy fields I

2D energy fields are latticework structures formed by (apparently rigid) quanta of matter. Although they are made up of rigid matter-particles, 2D energy fields structurally behaves like an ideal fluid. A 2D energy field is easily deformed due to very small bonding strength at the joints between constituent quanta of matter. Distortions of limited magnitude are tolerated within a 2D energy field’s latticework structure. During distortions: (a). Quanta of matter meeting at a junction point deflect angularly from their stable alignment with respect to each other and/or (b). Quanta of matter in quanta-chains vary their length, depending on the variation of compression from their ends. Angular displacements of quanta of matter at a junction point invoke angular reaction, from latticework, on the constituent quanta of matter to return to their stable relative positions. Similarly, a change in the length of a quantum of matter invokes reaction from latticework to restore its length suitable for stable configuration. Any distortion in a 2D energy field is always opposed by a reaction from its latticework structure. Reaction, within the latticework, tends to restore stability and serenity of a 2D energy field. Thus, it becomes an inherent property of a 2D energy field to strive towards its stable isotropic state. In its stable state, a 2D energy field is isotropic, homogeneous and serene. A 2D energy field, considered as a whole, is steady in space. Small local distortions in it may be transferred within its plane. Due to their steady state, the 2D energy fields can provide an absolute reference in space. Deforming effort always acts against stabilising effort at junction points in the latticework structure. Due to its ability to stabilise itself, a distortion in a 2D energy field cannot remain static or localised; it spreads in the direction of effort that causes the distortion. 3D matter-particles are held suspended by the 2D energy fields within the distorted regions, being transferred. Transfer of distortions in 2D energy fields carry suspended 3D matter-particles in the region along with the moving distortions. Although a moving 3D matter-particle has no relative motion with respect to 2D energy fields in its immediate neighbourhood, it is displaced with respect to the vast expanse of 2D energy fields. Although distortions in 2D energy fields appears to move during their transfer, 2D energy fields as a whole, remains static, homogeneous, isotropic and serene. All free distortions (not associated with 3D macro bodies) and distortions associated with the most basic 3D matter-particles, in 2D energy fields, travel at the highest possible linear speed (speed of light). Magnitude of this speed is limited by ability of 2D energy fields to transfer distortions in them. Distortions, associated with macro bodies/particles, may move at any linear speed, lower than the highest limit. As distortions in 2D energy field move, they carry all 3D matter-particles present in the region, along with them. In case of macro bodies/particles, this phenomenon causes inertial motion. Since, it is the displacement of the distortions, which moves the 3D matter-bodies; there is no relative motion between matter-bodies and surrounding 2D energy fields. It is like, when an object is blown away by wind, there is no relative motion between the object and air in its immediate neighbourhood. But the object has a clear displacement with respect to the large body of air in the region. Therefore, there is no friction between 2D energy fields and a 3D macro body, moving in it. There is no ‘aether drag’ on a macro body, moving through 2D energy fields. Due to latticework structure of a 2D energy field and its inherent property of stabilization (except for gravitational actions in certain cases), deformations in a 2D energy field cannot be contained in any locality. Distortion in a 2D energy field is bound to spread-out in its latticework. If there is an external cause, distortions tend to be transferred in the direction away from the cause, without displacing 2D energy fields. Each latticework square transfers its distortion to the square in front and returns to its original state. Sequential spread of distortion, from one latticework square to the next, introduces a time delay in the development and transfer of distortions. As soon as the cause is removed, latticework structure of the distorted 2D energy field tends to regain its stability. However, distortions contained in the latticework will continue to move in their original direction, without loss of magnitude or change in direction, unless their magnitude or direction are changed/removed by an external agency by introducing deformations of different magnitude and direction in the latticework. These properties of time delay during development and transfer of distortions and constant speed of their transfer through 2D energy fields give rise to the property of inertia, which is presently attributed to matter-bodies. A distorted region of 2D energy fields is a ‘distortion-field’. Due to the latticework structure of a 2D energy field, distortions in it can exist only in a closed-loop-arrangement. Actions by 2D energy fields are results of mechanical movements of its constituent quanta of matter, within their latticework structures. Since distortions in 2D energy fields are the cause of all actions, fundamentally there is only one type of effort in nature, which is currently bifurcated into many types of ‘natural forces’. Manner of distortions in the 2D energy fields determine the type of ‘natural force’ manifested during an interaction. Gravitation and inertia are properties of the 2D energy fields. Displacements of quanta of matter (including the changes in their lengths) are tangible in 2D spatial system. They are real and constitute displacement in space, which is called ‘work-done’. Due to reactions, developed during deformations, 2D energy fields experience stress. Stress, produced by distortions in the latticework structure, is the ‘energy’ associated with the work-done. Rate of magnitude of distortions (work), being introduced into a 2D energy field latticework, is ‘force’ or ‘power’. Ultimately, displacements of ‘disturbances’ (matter-bodies) within 2D energy fields are produced by transfer of latticework distortions from higher distortion-density region to lower distortion-density region. This is the action of an effort. Whichever is the manifestation of effort (as classified into various ‘natural forces’ like: gravitational, electromagnetic, nuclear, inertial, etc.), they all act in similar manner. Thus, fundamentally, there is only one type of effort in nature. ‘Force’ is generally associated with motion of a 3D matter-body and it simply means rate of work done, irrespective of the nature of work or its source.