Spatial states of existence of matter

Matter provides substance to all real entities. A three-dimensional matter-particle contains matter without voids in it. Whole space, occupied by a 3D matter-particle, is occupied by matter. Real universal medium is also made up of matter. Universal medium fills the entire space outside 3D matter-particles. There are no voids in it either. Hence, entire space outside 3D matter-particles is also filled with matter. In order to satisfy these requirements, matter-density of a 3D matter-particle and the matter-density of universal medium, outside 3D matter-particle, have to be the same. As 3D matter-particles and the surrounding universal medium have the same matter-density, entire space (universal medium along with 3D matter-particles in it) should form a single block of matter of uniform matter-density and of infinite extent and volume. Matter cannot be compressed beyond the matter-density of a 3D matter-particle or that of universal medium. A matter-body of zero volume and infinite mass (singularity) is impossible to achieve. Yet, while the 3D matter-particles and the macro bodies formed by them are tangible and can be sensed, universal medium and its matter-components should remain intangible and hidden from 3D rational beings. This shows that (with respect to rational beings) matter can have different states of existence. In certain states of existence, 3D rational beings can observe matter (in the form of matter-bodies) and in certain states of existence, 3D rational beings can not observe or sense matter (when it is in the form of universal medium). Sensory organs and instruments of 3D rational beings are evolved to sense only 3D matter-bodies. Hence they observe and consider only 3D matter-bodies as real entities. For this a matter-body has to be tangible and observable in 3D spatial system. To be tangible or observable, a 3D matter-body has to have certain measurements in all three spatial dimensions. If dimensions of a 3D matter-body in any or all of three spatial dimensions become too small to be tangible or observable by standards of 3D rational beings, they could no more be considered as (real) 3D entities. However, since these matter-bodies continue to exist in all spatial dimensions, they are real entities. Although these matter-bodies have their existence in all spatial dimensions, rational beings will not be able to observe or sense them, only because their measurements in one or more spatial dimension(s) is/are intangible by 3D standards. If the spatial-dimensional measurement of a matter-body becomes intangible in any one of three spatial dimensions, it may be considered as a two-dimensional matter-body. If the spatial-dimensional measurements of a matter-body become intangible in any two of three spatial dimensions, it may be considered as a single-dimensional matter-body. Therefore, it is possible for matter to remain real and be able to exist in 1D, 2D or 3D states. In its 1D and 2D states, a matter-body is hidden from 3D rational beings. Although these matter-bodies are real, as they are hidden, 3D rational beings may consider them to be functional entities. Only in its 3D state, a matter-body becomes real and observable to 3D rational beings. However, this does not prevent matter in any spatial dimension from being a real entity.

Substance

The term ‘matter’, traditionally refers to the substance that all objects are made of. One common way to identify this substance is through its physical properties. The concept of substance, in its generic sense in any philosophical system, is those things, which (according to that system) are the foundational or fundamental entities of reality. They are the basic substances from which everything else is constructed. In certain philosophy, impressions and ideas are the substances, for the same reason. Etc. Although in different senses, all philosophical systems acknowledge existence of substances as a particular kind of basic entity. Some philosophical theories acknowledge them as such and others do not. Conception of substance as basic entity derives from our notion of individuality of ‘thing’ or ‘object’, in contrast with ‘properties’ of entities and ‘events’. In its physical sense, substance is that which exists in itself and does not depend upon anything else for its existence. Attributes or characteristic properties are inherent in (and about) substances and depend on the substance for their existence. Existence is recognised by rational mind. This may be the result of correct or incorrect sensory perceptions or it may be by mere thought-process. If existence is recognised by sensory perception, in order to exist, the substance needs a place. Hence, it is essential for a rational mind to presuppose a space for the existence of a real entity. This is how we created the functional entity of space in the universe. Space is purely a functional entity. Its sole function is to provide a place of existence for real objects. It has neither a form, nor a structure nor physical properties. Such a body cannot move, distort or act. Functional entities do not require space for their existence. They exist in the minds of perceivers. Rational beings perceive entities by their sensory organs. Perceived information is then processed and compared with previous experiences by rational being’s mind to know and experience the entity and its existence. Existence is always particular and individual. This does not mean that all that is perceived by senses are real. Different sensory organs may perceive same object in different ways. Only one of them corresponds to reality. [A stick, partially dipped in water, may appear by sight as a bend body – an imaginary stick. By touch, the stick would appear in its real shape, a straight body – the real stick. Both, the imaginary stick and the real stick, appear to exist in the same location. If they exist in the same location, surely they cannot be different but the same entity. In this case, the bend stick has no existence but the straight one exists in space. Both the real (straight) stick and the imaginary (bend) stick are perceptions of mind, but by different sensory organs. Real (straight) stick exists in space and the imaginary (bend) stick does not exist in space. Only the real (straight) stick occupies space. It is a real entity. It has positive existence in space. Bend stick, perceived by the rational being is an imaginary entity. It has no existence in space. It exists only in the mind of the perceiver. This is an example of aberration of sensory perceptions.] All entities, which have no real existence in space but have their existence only in the mind of perceiver, are imaginary entities. They are functional and fulfil functions assigned to them by rational beings. One school of philosophy (led by David Hume) denied the existence of substance, using the epistemological principles. They argued that; since all human knowledge must be traced back to sensation, the idea of substance must be also be traced to the same. Since the sensory perceptions themselves cannot provide knowledge of substance, no one can know substance, as a distinct stuff from that of a collection of particular qualities or attributes. Thus, substances are nothing but a collection of simple ideas that are united by the imagination, and have a particular name assigned to them. In its essence, knowledge of the aesthetic object becomes the knowledge of aesthetic experience itself. This school of thought adopts the approach that puts the aesthetic experience first and then examines the aesthetic object as an intentional object of that experience. This consideration is suitable to functional entities like imaginary particles, art forms, etc. Imaginary entities are created by rational beings in their minds and all their attributes are also subscribed by them. A painting is nothing but a collection of canvas and colours. It is the rational mind that attributes its functionality and qualities. However, many scientists, in dealing with modern physics engaged this philosophy to produce exotic theories, based on imaginary particles and mysterious properties, which are acquiescent with complicated mathematical treatments. Simple logical reasoning is not allowed to question their genuineness or logic. See: http://vixra.org/pdf/1802.0086v1.pdf