Quantum of matter

Matter provides substance to all ‘quanta of matter’. Quantum of matter is a very small bit of matter. Matter-content of a quantum of matter provides its objective reality and positive existence in space. A quantum of matter exists in all spatial dimensions, however small such measurements may be. Different quanta of matter may contain different quantities of matter. Quanta of matter are perpetual entities. They cannot be destroyed or created. There are infinite numbers of quanta of matter and they fill the entire space in definite structural forms. No other imaginary particles or assumed properties are envisaged in this concept. Due to inherent ability of matter to exist, matter-contents at nearest points (within a quantum of matter or between quanta of matter in direct contact in the same spatial dimensions) have a tendency to merge (similar to an adhesive property). Matter-content of a quantum of matter tends to maintain its integrity under all conditions. Each quantum of matter is an independent matter-body and it keeps its individuality. In its free state, a quantum of matter is a one-dimensional body with length as its only tangible measurement. Although it may be understood as one-dimensional object, it exists in space as a real body. As a real object, it has its existence in all spatial dimensions. In its one-dimensional status, its measurements in all higher spatial dimensions are negligible compared to its length. Majority of quanta of matter in nature are of somewhat equal matter-contents. Quanta of matter, existing in different spatial dimensions and intersecting at a point, are able to co-exist at the point of their intersection. They cannot intersect in the same spatial dimensions. Due to the adhesive property of its matter-content, a free quantum of matter tends to grow in one spatial dimension, while reducing its measurements in all other spatial dimensions. If left free, in free space, a quantum of matter will grow in length indefinitely, while reducing magnitudes in other spatial dimensions. Since matter cannot be compressed, reduction of its measurement in one spatial dimension is bound to increase its spatial dimension in another spatial dimension. Even though, spatial dimensions of a quantum of matter, other than its single spatial dimension, are negligibly small, a quantum of matter has positive existence in all three spatial dimensions. Thus, a free quantum of matter is a one-dimensional matter-body with positive existence in all spatial dimensions. It has a body and two ends. Reducing the length of a free quantum of matter, by external efforts, compels it to grow into second spatial dimension. Similarly, reducing the area of a 2D quantum of matter, in its spatial plane, by external effort compels it to grow into the third spatial dimension. It is at this juncture that the real 3D matter, as we know, is created. Although quanta of matter in their 1D status are real matter-bodies with positive existence in space, their measurements in all spatial dimensions are too small to be tangible by our standards. Because of this difficulty, we are unable to appreciate their real existence in 3D spatial system. We may consider quanta of matter in their 1D and 2D states as functional entities. All superior 3D matter-bodies are formed by groups of quanta of matter. Their diverse properties are natural extensions of characteristic properties of quanta of matter. Entire space (outside 3D matter-particles) is filled with quanta of matter in definite structural formations. Creation, development, destruction and apparent interactions of all matter-bodies strictly follow ‘cause and effect’ relation. There are no actions at a distance through empty space.

Spatial states of existence of matter

Matter provides substance to all real entities. A three-dimensional matter-particle contains matter without voids in it. Whole space, occupied by a 3D matter-particle, is occupied by matter. Real universal medium is also made up of matter. Universal medium fills the entire space outside 3D matter-particles. There are no voids in it either. Hence, entire space outside 3D matter-particles is also filled with matter. In order to satisfy these requirements, matter-density of a 3D matter-particle and the matter-density of universal medium, outside 3D matter-particle, have to be the same. As 3D matter-particles and the surrounding universal medium have the same matter-density, entire space (universal medium along with 3D matter-particles in it) should form a single block of matter of uniform matter-density and of infinite extent and volume. Matter cannot be compressed beyond the matter-density of a 3D matter-particle or that of universal medium. A matter-body of zero volume and infinite mass (singularity) is impossible to achieve. Yet, while the 3D matter-particles and the macro bodies formed by them are tangible and can be sensed, universal medium and its matter-components should remain intangible and hidden from 3D rational beings. This shows that (with respect to rational beings) matter can have different states of existence. In certain states of existence, 3D rational beings can observe matter (in the form of matter-bodies) and in certain states of existence, 3D rational beings can not observe or sense matter (when it is in the form of universal medium). Sensory organs and instruments of 3D rational beings are evolved to sense only 3D matter-bodies. Hence they observe and consider only 3D matter-bodies as real entities. For this a matter-body has to be tangible and observable in 3D spatial system. To be tangible or observable, a 3D matter-body has to have certain measurements in all three spatial dimensions. If dimensions of a 3D matter-body in any or all of three spatial dimensions become too small to be tangible or observable by standards of 3D rational beings, they could no more be considered as (real) 3D entities. However, since these matter-bodies continue to exist in all spatial dimensions, they are real entities. Although these matter-bodies have their existence in all spatial dimensions, rational beings will not be able to observe or sense them, only because their measurements in one or more spatial dimension(s) is/are intangible by 3D standards. If the spatial-dimensional measurement of a matter-body becomes intangible in any one of three spatial dimensions, it may be considered as a two-dimensional matter-body. If the spatial-dimensional measurements of a matter-body become intangible in any two of three spatial dimensions, it may be considered as a single-dimensional matter-body. Therefore, it is possible for matter to remain real and be able to exist in 1D, 2D or 3D states. In its 1D and 2D states, a matter-body is hidden from 3D rational beings. Although these matter-bodies are real, as they are hidden, 3D rational beings may consider them to be functional entities. Only in its 3D state, a matter-body becomes real and observable to 3D rational beings. However, this does not prevent matter in any spatial dimension from being a real entity.

Ideal universal medium

A ‘universal medium’ that has all desirable properties of aether but has no disadvantages of the same may be proposed to replace (imaginary) functional entities, (like; space, space-time, fields, force-carrying particles, concentrated forms of energy, imaginary entities with negative existence, vibrating strings, mathematical constructs, etc.), currently used to facilitate conceptual explanations on various physical phenomena. Then the terms ‘universal medium’ and ‘space’ can be used synonymously. The term ‘space’ (and other functional entities used in place of space) will then mean the ‘universal medium’ and vice versa. An all-encompassing medium of matter may be envisaged to fill the entire space, outside three-dimensional matter-particles, including inter-particle space in a macro body. To fill entire space is to have positive existence in space in all spatial dimensions, without voids in it. To have positive existence, the universal medium has to be a real object. Reality of an object is provided by its substance. In nature, matter alone can provide substance. Hence this universal medium has to have matter as its content. It can be made up of matter or matter in the form of small matter-particles. To be made up of small matter-particles is to have definite structure. Contents and structure endows an object with its properties. Hence the universal medium has to have definite structure and properties, derived from its constituent matter-particles. A three-dimensional matter-particle contains matter without voids in it. Whole space, occupied by a 3D matter-particle, is filled by matter. Universal medium fills the entire space outside 3D matter-particles. There are no voids in it. Hence, entire space outside 3D matter-particles should also be filled with matter. In order to satisfy this requirement, matter-density of a 3D matter-particle and matter-density of universal medium, outside 3D matter-particle should be the same. Yet, while 3D matter-particles and bodies formed by them are tangible and can be sensed, universal medium and its components should remain intangible and hidden from 3D rational beings. Entire universal medium along with 3D matter-particles in it, together, should form a single block of matter of uniform matter-density and of infinite extent and volume. Matter cannot be compressed beyond the matter-density of a 3D matter-particle or that of universal medium. A matter-body of zero volume and infinite mass (as at the singularity) is impossible to achieve. A universal medium should be made up of real matter-particles and under a definite mechanism of formation. All its actions, interactions and properties will have to be derived from the properties of constituent matter-particles. Since matter alone can form a real universal medium and diverse 3D matter-bodies, all properties of both of these entities should be derived from the most basic matter-particles in nature. No assumed particles, imaginary properties or mysterious interactions should be necessary to understand any physical phenomenon. Actions of basic matter-particles in the universal medium should be able to account for all physical phenomena in nature; from creation and sustenance of universal medium itself to interactions between 3D objects; from creation, sustenance and destruction of fundamental particles to cosmological events; gravity to nuclear interactions; etc. A universal medium should be a self-sustaining materialistic body. By its inherent properties, the universal medium should strive towards homogeneity, isotropy and serenity; all by itself. All ‘natural forces’, apparent interactions between 3D matter-bodies and diverse properties of 3D matter-bodies in various forms should be extensions of these inherent properties. Inherent properties of universal medium should be derived from the properties of its constituent matter-particles. All 3D matter-particles (and superior bodies made up of 3D matter-particles) should exist within the universal medium. Universal medium should serve as interlink between every 3D matter-particle in the universe. Since there are no direct contacts between 3D matter-bodies and all 3D bodies are in contact with universal medium, the universal medium should serve as an intermediary for all apparent interactions between 3D matter-bodies. 3D matter is inert. It cannot cause its own changes or displacements. All actions on 3D matter-bodies or those actions which appear as actions by 3D matter-bodies, in nature, should be performed by universal medium outside 3D matter-particles. Universal medium should contain all 3D matter-bodies and hence form a common link between them. Each 3D matter-body should be acted upon by the universal medium separately. Simultaneous actions by universal medium on different 3D matter-bodies will appear as an interaction between them. Having a universal medium that is in contact with every 3D matter-particle in the universe does away with the illogical assumption of ‘actions at a distance through empty space’. Since the universal medium pre-exists all 3D bodies and no 3D bodies exists outside universal medium, it will fulfill the role of a container that is logically prior to its contents. Since 3D matter-bodies do not exist outside universal medium, the universal medium has to create 3D matter-particles out of itself, sustain them in their free states or in combinations in the form of self-sustaining superior 3D matter-particles and macro bodies and destroy them at appropriate time. To maintain its own stability, it will be necessary for the universal medium to create/destroy 3D matter-bodies cyclically and in different localities in the universe. This should be done by gradually destroying 3D macro bodies in certain regions to revert their matter-contents back into the universal medium, while creating new 3D macro bodies from matter-contents from it, in other regions. This will not only maintain the integrity and stability of universal medium, it will also regulate entropy of the universe within limits. A stable universal medium should be able to sustain a steady-state of universe, perpetually. Rational beings are three-dimensional macro bodies and exist in three-dimensional spatial system. They are able to sense only three-dimensional objects. Since the universal medium or its components remain intangible and hidden to 3D rational beings, they should have their status in one-dimensional or two-dimensional spatial systems. Three-dimensional rational beings will be unable to sense them directly. Although basic matter-particles have real existence in space, magnitudes of their spatial dimensions will be too small to be tangible or sensed by three-dimensional spatial standards. Thus, universal medium or its constituents in 1D or 2D states will remain hidden for all practical purposes. However, it could manifest its presence by actions on 3D matter-bodies. All actions require impetus. Impetus is the ‘ability to do work’. A matter-body contains nothing but matter, which is incapable to do work. Hence, the ability to do work should be stored outside matter-bodies but in association with them. Universal medium, surrounding the 3D matter-particles or in and about a 3D macro matter-body is an ideal place to store the ‘ability to do work’ or the ‘work’ itself. In order to act on matter-bodies, the universal medium should have ability to act. That is it should be able to transfer work from one region to another. All actions are recognised by motion (displacement) of 3D matter-bodies. Macro bodies move by sequential displacements of their matter-particles, starting from the point of application of external effort. Matter-particles, nearest to the ‘force-applying mechanism’, move first. This, in turn, compresses universal medium between the displaced matter-particle and the matter-particle in front. Inherent property of stability causes the compressed part of universal medium to return to its original form by expanding. This expansion can be achieved only by pushing the matter-particles away from each other. Since the matter-particles at the point of application of external effort are displaced forward and held in place, matter-particles in front have no options but to move forward. Similar actions, between matter-particles of a macro body cause its displacement during an action by external effort. ‘Energy-transfer’ in or by macro bodies, essentially requires a universal medium between their constituent matter-particles. ‘Energy’ can also be transferred through space in the form of invisible disturbances, like: ‘electromagnetic waves’, ‘field-disturbances’, etc. Since no displacements of 3D matter-particles are involved in this process, the universal medium, itself, has to act as an agent of ‘energy-transfer’ by its own compression and expansion. A universal medium should be a stable but deformable real entity. Deformations are displacements and hence tangible. Displacements in universal medium are ‘work’ and it is tangible. A tangible entity is real. Hence, work is a real entity. ‘Ability to do work’ could be the stress produced in the universal medium due a strain/distortion in it. Ability to act or to do work is called ‘energy’. Hence, universal medium acts as storage for ‘energy’. Unlike stress, displacement is tangible and hence real. Stress accompanies strain in a stable system. Hence, the strain in the universal medium about a matter-body is the ‘work-done’ and associated stress is its ‘energy’. Energy has no independent existence and it is a functional entity. It appears as a shadow of work-done.

Substance

The term ‘matter’, traditionally refers to the substance that all objects are made of. One common way to identify this substance is through its physical properties. The concept of substance, in its generic sense in any philosophical system, is those things, which (according to that system) are the foundational or fundamental entities of reality. They are the basic substances from which everything else is constructed. In certain philosophy, impressions and ideas are the substances, for the same reason. Etc. Although in different senses, all philosophical systems acknowledge existence of substances as a particular kind of basic entity. Some philosophical theories acknowledge them as such and others do not. Conception of substance as basic entity derives from our notion of individuality of ‘thing’ or ‘object’, in contrast with ‘properties’ of entities and ‘events’. In its physical sense, substance is that which exists in itself and does not depend upon anything else for its existence. Attributes or characteristic properties are inherent in (and about) substances and depend on the substance for their existence. Existence is recognised by rational mind. This may be the result of correct or incorrect sensory perceptions or it may be by mere thought-process. If existence is recognised by sensory perception, in order to exist, the substance needs a place. Hence, it is essential for a rational mind to presuppose a space for the existence of a real entity. This is how we created the functional entity of space in the universe. Space is purely a functional entity. Its sole function is to provide a place of existence for real objects. It has neither a form, nor a structure nor physical properties. Such a body cannot move, distort or act. Functional entities do not require space for their existence. They exist in the minds of perceivers. Rational beings perceive entities by their sensory organs. Perceived information is then processed and compared with previous experiences by rational being’s mind to know and experience the entity and its existence. Existence is always particular and individual. This does not mean that all that is perceived by senses are real. Different sensory organs may perceive same object in different ways. Only one of them corresponds to reality. [A stick, partially dipped in water, may appear by sight as a bend body – an imaginary stick. By touch, the stick would appear in its real shape, a straight body – the real stick. Both, the imaginary stick and the real stick, appear to exist in the same location. If they exist in the same location, surely they cannot be different but the same entity. In this case, the bend stick has no existence but the straight one exists in space. Both the real (straight) stick and the imaginary (bend) stick are perceptions of mind, but by different sensory organs. Real (straight) stick exists in space and the imaginary (bend) stick does not exist in space. Only the real (straight) stick occupies space. It is a real entity. It has positive existence in space. Bend stick, perceived by the rational being is an imaginary entity. It has no existence in space. It exists only in the mind of the perceiver. This is an example of aberration of sensory perceptions.] All entities, which have no real existence in space but have their existence only in the mind of perceiver, are imaginary entities. They are functional and fulfil functions assigned to them by rational beings. One school of philosophy (led by David Hume) denied the existence of substance, using the epistemological principles. They argued that; since all human knowledge must be traced back to sensation, the idea of substance must be also be traced to the same. Since the sensory perceptions themselves cannot provide knowledge of substance, no one can know substance, as a distinct stuff from that of a collection of particular qualities or attributes. Thus, substances are nothing but a collection of simple ideas that are united by the imagination, and have a particular name assigned to them. In its essence, knowledge of the aesthetic object becomes the knowledge of aesthetic experience itself. This school of thought adopts the approach that puts the aesthetic experience first and then examines the aesthetic object as an intentional object of that experience. This consideration is suitable to functional entities like imaginary particles, art forms, etc. Imaginary entities are created by rational beings in their minds and all their attributes are also subscribed by them. A painting is nothing but a collection of canvas and colours. It is the rational mind that attributes its functionality and qualities. However, many scientists, in dealing with modern physics engaged this philosophy to produce exotic theories, based on imaginary particles and mysterious properties, which are acquiescent with complicated mathematical treatments. Simple logical reasoning is not allowed to question their genuineness or logic. See: http://vixra.org/pdf/1802.0086v1.pdf

Hypothesis on MATTER

Hypothesis on MATTER is a revolutionary new concept, which attempts to explain all physical phenomena related to matter based on just one type of fundamental particle – the Quantum of matter. These particles form, what the author calls, 2D energy fields. Space is assumed to contain an infinite number of 2D Energy Fields extending in all directions. Author masterfully explains a wide array of physical phenomena, from the origin of matter to gravity and subatomic interactions to cosmological events, based on the simple mechanical interactions of quanta of matter. There is no more any need to envisage actions at a distance or to invoke irrational assumptions like diversity of forces, mass-energy equivalence, constancy of light’s speed, dual nature of electric charge, singularities, big bang, etc. This new concept will radically alter our understanding of the physical universe and at the same time, explain complex physical phenomena with simple Cause and Effect relationships. ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’https://www.matterdoc.info Volume I (Print):https://www.amazon.com/dp/1492241865 Volume I (E book):https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07R9NP37K Volume II (Print):https://www.amazon.com/dp/1492241881 Volume II (E book):https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07R8NC8QK