Action:

We appreciate matter only when it exists in the form of three-dimensional bodies. Hence, only the movements of three-dimensional matter-bodies are recognized as actions. If matter is in any form other than in three-dimensional spatial state, currently, we do not accept their displacements as actions. Because of this restriction, it is assumed that magnitudes of actions are usually proportional to magnitudes of corresponding efforts and directions of actions are the same as directions of efforts. In theoretical physics, result of an external effort is often understood as an action. Action is a change in the status of a system. It usually represents overall changes in the state of (internal or external) motion of a physical system. It is an abstract expression. An effort needs not always produce tangible change in state of motion of a three-dimensional material body. In such cases, external effort is understood as being ‘applied’, but not ‘acting’. Inability of an effort to act may be due to any one or more of several reasons. 1. Effort may be too small to make necessary changes in ‘additional work’ associated with a matter-body/system, so as to change its state of motion. Relatively very small external efforts may initially act on comparatively large macro bodies to create small dent (and corresponding motion) on its surface until introduction of any more ‘additional work’ is prevented (opposed) by ‘reaction’ from the ‘force-receiving’ body. 2. ‘Additional work’, invested by an effort is effectively neutralised (opposed) by equal and opposite ‘additional work’ associated with the body/system. This could be due to action or application of other inherent efforts, like; friction, apparent efforts (representing undefined actions) in opposite direction to external effort, etc. 3. ‘Force-receiving body/system is moving at equal or higher linear speed than the speed of application of ‘additional work by the ‘force-applying body/system’ in the direction of external effort. As linear speed of a ‘force-receiving body’ is increased in relation to linear speed of ‘force-applying body’ in the same direction, efficiency of action by external effort gradually reduces until when their linear speeds (in the same direction) are equal, efficiency of external effort becomes zero (%). All observed actions are related to displacement of 3D matter-bodies in universal medium. 3D matter-bodies are displaced in space by ‘work’ in the form of moving structural distortions in universal medium. Certain magnitudes of moving structural distortions are created in universal medium for creation of basic 3D matter-particles and their further development into macro bodies. These structural distortions maintain integrity of the macro body in space. Displacement of the macro body (as a whole) requires investment of additional structural distortions (in the universal medium in and about the body) moving in straight line direction. Structural distortions in universal medium required to create and develop the 3D matter-body remain with the body to sustain its integrity. This may be called the ‘intrinsic work’ associated with the body. Structural distortions, additionally invested in the universal medium in and about the body, required to initiate and maintain the body’s change of state may be called ‘additional work’ associated with the body. Development of additional structural distortions in universal medium and their stabilization (change of state of the body) requires certain time. This tendency gives rise to the phenomenon of ‘inertia’. Displacement of a macro body that essentially gives rises to inertia may be called an ‘inertial action/motion’. [This may be in disagreement with present concept of the term ‘inertial’, being used to indicate unreal or pretended nature of a phenomenon]. See http://vixra.org/pdf/1402.0069v1.pdf With the establishment of quantum theory, concept of action fell under certain restrictions. While considering behavior of atomic particles, actions are restricted only to certain states of motion, where magnitudes of actions are whole-number multiples of a certain very small number, known as Planck's constant. Thus, Planck's constant is now considered as a natural unit of action (a quantum of action) or of displacement. Because of this, many other properties used in physics also came to be quantified in relation to Planck’s number.